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A good logging or audit trail facility also provides for accurate timestamping. When actions are written to an entry in a log, the part of the entry that contains the time and date at which the action occurred is called a timestamp. You need to ensure that no user can modify timestamps recorded in the log. The operating system, together with all the other computers on the network, must be in agreement on the current time. Otherwise, an attacker can log into a computer whose clock is ahead or behind the real time to cause confusion about when certain actions actually occurred. A protocol such as Network Time Protocol (NTP) can be used to keep the clocks of multiple computers synchronized. One problem with many of today s systems is that logging facilities do not have secure timestamping and integrity checking facilities. As a result, after attackers hack into a system, they can change the logs such that no one can detect that they hacked in. Therefore, it is especially important to think carefully about a secure audit trail facility when you design secure systems. If existing or third-party software tools are used when constructing systems, they may have to be instrumented or modified to satisfy accountability goals.

Listing 8-6 introduces a new widget called GtkComboBox. GtkComboBox is a widget that allows the user to choose from a number of options in a drop-down list. The combo box displays the selected choice in its normal state. Combo boxes can be used in two different ways, depending on what function you use to instantiate the widget, either with a custom GtkTreeModel or with a default model with only a single column of strings.

We ve intentionally kept the scope of this application small so we can focus on using NHibernate as the data access library that allows us to persist and retrieve Visitor objects. Before we go into each layer of the application, let s review the architecture of this application at a high level.

In Listing 8-6, a new GtkComboBox was created with gtk_combo_box_new_text(), which creates a specialized combo box that contains only one column of strings. This is simply a convenience function, because the drop-down list of a combo box is internally handled with a GtkTreeModel. Combo boxes created with gtk_combo_box_new_text() have a GtkTreeModel automatically created that can accepts only strings. This allows you to easily append and prepend options and insert new options with the following functions: void gtk_combo_box_append_text (GtkComboBox *combobox, const gchar *text); void gtk_combo_box_prepend_text (GtkComboBox *combobox, const gchar *text); void gtk_combo_box_insert_text (GtkComboBox *combobox, gint position, const gchar *text); In addition, you can remove choices with gtk_combo_box_remove_text() and retrieve a copy of the currently selected string with gtk_combo_box_get_active_text(). However, these functions can only be used when you initialize the GtkComboBox with gtk_combo_box_new_text(). Most combo boxes are created with gtk_combo_box_new(), which requires you to create a tree model to hold the selections and add it with gtk_combo_box_set_model(). This does not assume anything about the content of the tree model or the types of each column. Also, tree models with multiple columns are supported. With combo boxes created with gtk_combo_box_new(), there is no need to provide functions for adding or removing choices because that is handled completely by the tree model. However, there are two functions for retrieving the current selection. gint gtk_combo_box_get_active (GtkComboBox *combobox); gooblean gtk_combo_box_get_active_iter (GtkComboBox *combobox, GtkTreeIter *iter); The first function gtk_combo_box_get_active() returns an integer that refers to the index of the current row or -1 if there is no selection. This can be converted into a string and then into a GtkTreePath. Also, gtk_combo_box_get_active_iter() will retrieve an iterator pointing to the selected row, returning TRUE if the iterator was set.

At a broad level, this application uses some concepts from domain-driven design (DDD) inside an onion architecture, although most of the DDD concepts would be overkill for such a simple application. At a high level, the application is composed of a domain model at its core. Figure 23.2 shows a reference layout of the onion architecture.