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After the button in the main window is clicked, this example creates a new GtkMessageDialog with gtk_message_dialog_new(). The first parameter in this function is the dialog s parent GtkWindow. The parent window can be set to NULL if necessary, but in most cases, a parent-child relationship should be established. If you do not set a parent widget, the message dialog will not be centered above the parent window. Message dialogs are meant to be addressed by the user immediately, because they present some type of important message or critical question that needs the user s attention. By not setting a parent window, the message dialog can be easily ignored, which is not the desired action in most cases. GtkWidget* gtk_message_dialog_new (GtkWindow *parent, GtkDialogFlags flags, GtkMessageType type, GtkButtonsType buttons, const gchar *message_format, ...); Next, you can specify one or more dialog flags. Options for this parameter are given by the GtkDialogFlags enumeration that was used when creating custom dialogs in the previous three examples. The third parameter of gtk_message_dialog_new() is used to specify what type of message dialog you want to create. The title and image shown in the dialog are set based on the type you choose. For instance, in Listing 5-4 a GTK_MESSAGE_INFO dialog was created. Therefore, a lightbulb image (GTK_STOCK_DIALOG_INFO) is placed in the dialog and the title is set to Information . The five available types of messages from the GtkMessageType enumeration follow: GTK_MESSAGE_INFO: General message that provides information to the user. GTK_MESSAGE_WARNING: A warning that a nonfatal error has happened. GTK_MESSAGE_QUESTION: Asks the user a question that requires a choice. You need to provide multiple buttons for this type of message. GTK_MESSAGE_ERROR: A warning that a fatal error has happened. GTK_MESSAGE_OTHER: Generic type of message that makes no assumptions as to the content of the message.

Instead, message authentication codes (MACs) are typically used to achieve message integrity in real-world security protocols. A MAC is not only a function of the message itself, but is also a function of a key known only to Alice and Bob, such that even if Mallory is able to modify the bytes of a message, she will not be able to appropriately modify the corresponding MAC. (MACs are covered in more detail in 15.) While the goal in confidentiality is to make sure that the contents of Alice and Bob s communication cannot be understood by a third party like Eve or Mallory, there is no such requirement for message integrity. For message integrity to be achieved, it does not matter whether the eavesdropper can see the data in the message so long as she is unable to change it undetected. The goal of message integrity is to make sure that even if Mallory can look, she cannot touch the contents of the message.

This is complex markup overly complex for the simple display it s rendering. It includes common formatting rules, like applying the dollar sign to decimal values;

The next decision you need to make is what type of button or buttons will appear in the dialog. This decision is based on the type of message dialog you have created. For example, if you choose GTK_MESSAGE_QUESTION as the type, it is logical to choose either GTK_BUTTONS_YES_NO or GTK_BUTTONS_OK_CANCEL so that the user will be able to provide a response for the question. A list of the six available GtkButtonsType values follows: GTK_BUTTONS_NONE: No buttons will be added. GTK_BUTTONS_OK: Add the button GTK_STOCK_OK. GTK_BUTTONS_CLOSE: Add the button GTK_STOCK_CLOSE. GTK_BUTTONS_CANCEL: Add the button GTK_STOCK_CANCEL. GTK_BUTTONS_YES_NO: Add the buttons GTK_STOCK_YES and GTK_STOCK_NO. GTK_BUTTONS_OK_CANCEL: Add the buttons GTK_STOCK_OK and GTK_STOCK_CANCEL.

some suspicious name formatting B that will clearly look wrong if there s a missing middle name; and repeated manual application of encoding rules. When the page is displayed, there s not only the danger of the screen not looking right, but it may not render at all. What if the ShippingAddress is null We ll see a nasty null reference exception in the yellow screen of death that accompanies major ASP.NET errors. All these problems are caused by the view directly depending on the domain model by the user interface knowing too much about the core logic of the software. We know, from our examples in chapter 2 and the previous section, that in most scenarios it s best to design a custom model for consumption by the view. Translating from the domain model projecting it to the presentation model is a straightforward programming task. Take the value from the source object and copy it to the right place on the destination object. Mix in some carefully applied formatting and flattening code, and our projection is complete. We can easily test this logic. An example of a hand-rolled mapper is shown in listing 18.4.

While authentication and authorization are important, accountability is another key security goal (especially for a company s internal systems) The goal of accountability is to ensure that you are able to determine who the attacker or principal is in the case that something goes wrong or an erroneous transaction is identified In the case of a malicious incident, you want to be able to prosecute and prove that the attacker conducted illegitimate actions In the case of an erroneous transaction, you want to identify which principal made the mistake Most computer systems achieve accountability through authentication and the use of logging and audit trails To obtain accountability, you can have a system write log entries every time a user authenticates, and use the log to keep a list of all the actions that the user conducted.